![]() In fact, in most of the studies that controlled the training stimuli, the duration of the training was short, and it was oriented to the improvement of fitness rather than to the achievement of high-performance aims (Issurin 2008, 2019). Additionally, elite athletes have undergone intensive training and field testing/selection prior to being studied and investigations rarely contain samples of athletes in which prior training has been standardized. In this regard, studies investigating the effect of genetics on endurance and power sports performance may be confounded by the low sample sizes, incorrect categorization of elite athletes, the lack of measurement of valid exercise performance traits, and the obtaining of outcomes based only upon cross-sectional observations of genotype frequencies between athlete and non-athlete populations (Varillas Delgado et al. Some of this debate is based on the limitations and methodological issues of the research that presents the evidence on this topic (Breitbach et al. Although the research in this field is extensive, there is still controversy and debate about the magnitude of the potential effect of genetics on sports performance and about how the influence of positive/negative heritable traits can be overcome by training and diet (Pickering et al. Research focused on ascertaining the effect of genetics on exercise traits has been progressively growing in the last few years, providing information about associations between some genetic polymorphisms and endurance- and power-based exercise performance, among other sports disciplines (Ahmetov and Fedotovskaya 2015 Ahmetov et al. The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively review evidence on the impact of genetics on endurance- and power-based exercise performance to clearly determine the potential utility of genotyping for detecting sports talent, enhancing training, or preventing exercise-related injuries, and to present an overview of recent research that has attempted to correct the methodological issues found in previous investigations. Finally, the assessment of a progressively higher number of polymorphisms in the studies and the introduction of new analysis tools, such as the total genotype score (TGS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have produced a considerable advance in the power of the analyses and a change from the study of single variants to determine pathways and systems associated with performance. Additionally, many studies present an insufficient cohort of athletes, or their classification as elite is dubious, which may introduce expectancy effects. ![]() Research on this topic presents methodological limitations such as the lack of measurement of valid exercise performance phenotypes that make the study results difficult to interpret. However, with the current evidence, it is certainly too early a stage to determine how to use genotyping as a tool for predicting exercise/sports performance or improving current methods of training. ![]() ![]() Nearly 200 genetic polymorphisms have been found to influence sports performance traits, and over 20 polymorphisms may condition the status of the elite athlete. Recommended use: Can be used before or after training or as a snack.The impact of genetics on physiology and sports performance is one of the most debated research aspects in sports sciences. Ingredients: Milk chocolate 30%, glucose syrup, roasted peanuts 16%, wheat crisps 10%, partly hydrogenated palm fat, maize starch (Vitargo®) 5%, invert sugar syrup, sugar, maltodextrin, humectant (sorbitols), skimmed milk powder, emulsifier (lecithins (from soybeans)), salt, flavouring. Peanut bar in milk chocolate with maize starch. Recommended use: Can be used before or after training or as a snack. Ingredients: Milk chocolate 30%, coconut shrims 27%, glucose syrup, invert sugar syrup, skimmed milk powder, partly hydrogenated palm fat, maize starch (Vitargo®) 5%, sugar, maltodextrin, humectant (sorbitols), emulsifier (lecithins (from soybeans)), salt, flavouring. Coconut bar in milk chocolate with maize starch.
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